GERUND AND PROPOSITION
I. GERUND
Gerund adalah verba bentuk “ing” yang tak lagi berfungsi sebagai verba tetapi sebagai nomina. Biasanya menggambarkan suatu proses. Oleh karena itu gerunds bisa menduduki fungsi sebagai Subjek, Objek, pelengkap atau keterangan.
- Gerund berfungsi sebagai subjek.
Gerund sebagai subjek bisa diikuti oleh objek atau tidak.
Contoh:
o Writing letters can be enjoyable. (dengan objek)
o Menulis surat memang bisa menyenangkan.
o Writing can be an exercise of reasoning. (tanpa objek)
o Menulis dapat menjadi suatu latihan pikiran.
- Gerund sebagai objek dari verba-verba tertentu.
Gerund dalam hal ini mengikuti verba-verba tertentu yang antara lain adalah:
Admit : mengijinkan delay: menunda
Fancy : membayangkan quit: menenangkan
appreciate : menghargai deny: mengingkari
finish : menyelesaikan regret : menyesali
avoid : menghindari detest: membenci
imagine :membayangkan resent: membenci
consider : mempertimbangkan enjoy:menikmati
postpone :menunda resist: menahan
contemplate: merenungkan escape:melarikan diri
practice: mempraktekkan risk: beresiko
Contoh dalam kalimat :
o She avoids meeting me because she owes some money.
o Dia menghindari bertemu dengan saya karena dia meminjam sejumlah uang.
o We always enjoy playing in the garden.
o Kita selalu menikmati bermain di kebun.
o He often imagines talking to his closed friend.
o Dia sering membayangkan bercakap-cakap dengan teman dekatnya.
o They resist joining that club.
o Mereka menunda bergabung dengan klub itu.
- Gerund sebagai objek verba-verba tertentu + preposisi.
Gerund dalam hal ini mengikuti verba-verba tertentu yang ditempeli preposisi tertentu pula :
burst out insist on object to
count on keep on prevent from
give up: look forward to putt off
Contoh dalam kalimat :
o We burst out laughing when Asmuni appeared on stage.
o I’m looking forward to receiving your prompt reply.
o Our boss objects to raising our salary once a year.
- Gerund sebagai pasangan preposisi.
Apabila dalam suatu kalimat terdapat preposisi dan di belakang preposisi ini akan ditempatkan sebuah verba, maka verba ini harus dalam bentuk “ing” alias gerund.
Contoh :
o I`m sorry for coming late.
o It`s OK. What about going to the movies now?
o All right. But before leaving, let me make a phone call first.
- Gerund sebagai pelengkap idioms.
Gerund juga berperan sebagai pelengkap ungkapan ( idiom ) tertentu, yakni:
Can`t help (= can`t prevent): tidak tahan Feel like: merasa seperti
Can`t stand ( = can`t bear): tidak tahan look like:nampak seperti
Don`t mind: tidak keberatan (be) worth: bernilai
Contoh dalam kalimat:
o Elvis couldn`t help falling in love with Rizki.
o Elvi tidak tahan jatuh cinta dengan Rizki.
o I feel like taking a walk to the park now.
o Saya merasa seperti berjalan di taman sekarang.
o Many action films are not worth seeing.
o Banyak adegan film yang tidak pantas/tidak berguna untuk dilihat.
- Gerund sebagai pelengkap It`s no use / good….
It`s no use/ good kira-kira berarti “tak ada gunanya / tak baik”.
Contoh dalam kaliamat :
o It`s no use crying over spilt milk.
o Tidak ada gunanya menyesali apa yang telah terjadi.
o It`s no good going out at mid night.
Tidak bagus keluar di tengah malam.
- Gerund sebagai pelengkap There`s no…
Kalimat yang dimulai dengan There`s no … biasanya membutuhkan sebuah gerund di belakangnya.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
o There`s no reasoning for debating.
Tidak ada alasan untuk mendebat.
o There`s no bargaining in justice.
Tidak ada tawar menawar dalam masalaha keadilan.
- Gerund sebagai pelengkap tiga verba unik.
Ketiga verba unik itu adalah need, require dan want. Ketiganya unik kaena kalau diikuti gerund maknanya lalu menjadi pasif.
Contoh :
o The barn need cleaning.
(need cleaning = Need to be cleaned)
o Our bathroom requires painting.
( requires painting = requires to be painted).
o Her motorcycle wanted repairing.
(wanted repairing = wanted to be repaired)
Ada beberapa verba yang bisa diikuti baik oleh gerund maupun oleh infinitive (`to` + Vstem). Sebagian dari verba ini tak mengalami perubahan arti baik ketika berpasangan dengan gerund maupun infinitive. Sebagian yang lain mengalami perubahan.
· LIKE, DISLIKE, LOVE
Ketiga verba ini tidak mengalami perubahan arti baik ketika berpasangan dengan gerund maupun dengan infinitive:
1. I like fishing (to fish) in the lake.
Saya suka memancing di danau.
2. She loves dancing (to dance) very much.
Dia sangat senang menari.
· BEGIN, START, CEASE
Apabila ketiga verba di atas diikuti veba lain yang mengacu pada perbuatan yang bisa sepenuhnya dikontrol dengan, verba yang kedua itu biasanya dalam bentuk“ ing” atau gerund:
· She began studying French last year.
Dia mulai belajar bahasa Perancis tahun yang lalu.
· The carpenter always ceases working at 12 o'clock.
Tukang kayu itu selalu istirahat pada jam 12.
Kalau verba lain yang mengikuti salah satu dari ketiga verba diatas mengacu pada perbuatan yang tidak bisa dikontrol sepenuhnya, maka verba yang kedua itu harus dalam bentuk infinitive :
1. I begin to realize that genuine love is unconditional.
· Saya mulai menyadari bahwa cinta sejati itu bersifat tidak kondisional.
2. The big communist country, Cina cease to support the gun to the developing countries last year.
· Negara komunis yang besar, Cina mulai menghentikan dukungan senjata ke negara-negara berkembang tahun yang lalu.
Kegiatan belajar (studying) atau bekerja (working) bisa dilakukan dengan sadar (dikontrol). Lain halnya dengan perbuatan mengerti (know), menyadari (realize), dan memahami (understand) yang tidak sepenuhnya bisa kita kuasai/ kontrol.
· FORGET, REMEMBER
Apabila verba yang mengikuti forget dan remember itu mengacu pada perbuatan yang terjadi seelum forget dan remember, maka gerundlah yang dipakai:
1. I`II never forget shaking hands with the president.
( forget biasanya dipakai dalam kalimat negatif.)
2. We remembered swimming at Senggigi beach when we saw a poster of Lombok Island.
Baik “shaking hands” maupun “swimming” itu terjadi sebelum “forget” dan "remember”
· STOP
Stop + gerund menyatakan bahwa orang itu berhenti melakukan perbuatan yang disebutkan dengan verbanya :
1. I stopped smoking when the doctor said I had t.b.c. (berhenti merokok)
Saya berhenti merokok ketika dokter mengatakan saya menderita tbc.
2. The boys stopped fighting when they were tired.(berhenti berkelahi)
Anak laki-laki itu berhenti berkelai ketika mereka kelelahan.
Sering juga kita jumpai bentuk gerunds ini sebagaima judul-judul artikel atau buku, atau dalam kelompok kata benda, contohnya :
· writing english tests = menulis tes bahasa Inggris
· gardening = berkebun
· a reading book = sebuah buku bacaan
· the opening ceremony = upacara pembukaan
GERUND DI DALAM NOUN PHRASE
Dalam sebuah noun phrase terdapat modifier dan head, dan gerund memiliki fungsi sebagai itu. Noun phrase adalah frase yang inti frasenya adalah noun. Noun sebagai inti dari frase ini biasa disebut head dan kata-kata yang lain memberi penjelasan pada head disebut sebagai modifier. Modifier dalam kalimat bisa lebih dari satu.
1. Gerund sebagai modifier
Fungsi gerund sebagai modifier ini memeiliki ciri khas yaitu memiliki makna alat yang digunakan untuk.
contohnya, Writing book (Buku tulis), Parking area (areal parkir).
Misalnya:
- My mother buys some writing books in the shop.
Ibu saya membeli beberapa buku tulis di toko.
- A big shop needs large parking area for their customers.
- Sebuah toko besar memerlukan area parkir untuk para konsumennya.
2. Gerund sebagai head
Gerund sebagai head ini sering disebut istilah verbal noun. Disini gerund dianggap sebagai kata benda dan memiliki sifat khas kata benda yaitu memiliki bentuk jamak dan mereka selalu disertai oleh modifier sebagai penanda bila ia adalah head.
Contoh :
their felling = perasaan mereka
her visitings = kunjungan-kunjungannya
some throwings = beberapa lemparan
- We do not understand their felling.
Kita tidak tahu perasaan mereka.
- They welcome her visitings.
Mereka menyambut kedatangannya.
II. PREPOSITION
Preposisi atau Prepositions dahulu dikenal dengan sebutan “kata depan”. Ada begitu banyak preposisi dalam Bahasa Inggris. Pembahasan akan dipaparkan berdasarkan pemakaiannya dengan benda atau situasi tertentu. Dan preposisi-preposisi itu akan ditampilkan menurut abjad. Salah satu jenis kata (= Part of Speech) yang penting peranannya dalam kalimat namun sulit dipelajari adalah PREPOSISION dan NOUN (atau unsur-unsur lain yang berfungsi seperti noun, Yaitu: Pronoun, Numeral, Gerund, Noun Phrase, dan lain-lain). Berbeda dengan CONJUNCTION, yang fungsinya adalah mengawali sebuah Clause lain dalam kalimat yang bersangkutan, PREPOSITION berfungsi menghubungkan KATA dan FRASE yang diawalinya dengan unsur lain dalam sebuah Clause atau kalimat tunggal.
Sebuah Prepositional Phrase tidak pernah berfungsi sebagai unsur Subject dalam sebuah Clause atau kalimat, melainkan hanya dapat berfungsi sebagai Object, Complement, atau Adjunct. Berikut ini disajikan inventarisasi PREPOSISI bahasa ingris yang penting-penting beserta makna dan penggunaannya.
A. Macam Preposisi.
- ABOUT dan AROUND
Keduanya dapat dipakai dengan arti “ kira- kira”.
Contoh:
I’ll be here about/around 6:00 o’clock.
Saya akan berada di sini sekitar jam 6.00 tepat.
There are about/around twenty persons in the room.
Ada sekitar dua puluh orang di ruangan itu.
Keduanya dapat juga dipakai dengan arti “di sekitar”.
Contoh:
- There aren’t many restaurants about/around here.
Tidak banyak restoran di sekitar sini.
- ABOUT dan ON
Keduanya dapat dipakai dengan arti “tentang”. Bedanya : about berkesan informal, sedang on berkesan formal dan ilmiah.
Contoh:
o After seeing Dances With Joni the students talked about their future program.
Setelah menyaksikan tarian dengan Joni, para siswa membicarakan tentang program mereka dimasa depan.
o The book on applied linguistics were written by Nida.
Buku tentang linguistik terapan ditulis oleh Nida.
About to ( Adverbial ) = hampir, menjelang.
Contoh:
- The show was about to start.
Pertunjukan itu hampir mulai.
- ABOVE
a. Lebih atas dari pada ( = OVER).
Contoh:
The plane flew above the clods.
Pesawat itu terbang di atas awan.
b. Melebihi ( = BETTER THAN, MORE THAN).
Contoh:
- Harry is above all the other students in his class.
Harry berada di atas semua siswa yang lain di kelasnya.
- Children above six years of age must go to school.
- Anak^anak diatas enam tahun harus masuk sekolah.
c. Di luar jangkauan kemampuan ( = BEYOND).
Contoh:
This scientific books are above me.
Buku-buku ilmiah berada di atas saya.
Perbedaan antara ABOVE, OVER, dan ON, yang bermakna di atasadalah :
Ø ABOVE : Menyiratkan satu objek yang lebih tinggi posisinya daripada objek yang lain, kedua objek tak bersinggungan, dan objek yang satu tak harus tepat di atas yang lain.
Ø OVER : Menyiratkan satu objek yang berada tepat di atas objek yang lain, keduanya dapat bersinggungan dapat pula tidak bersinggungan.
Contoh:
- Somebody spread the cloth over the boy’s body.
Seseorang menutupkan kain ke tubuh laki-laki itu.
- The sky is like over our heads.
Langit nampak seperti di atas kepala kita.
Ø ON : Objek yang satu menempel di atas objek yang lain.
Contoh:
She spread the carpet on the floor.
Dia menggelar karpet di lantai.
- ACCORDING TO
= Menurut.
Contoh:
According to him none of us passed the test.
Menurut dia tidak ada dari kita yang lolos tes.
- ACROSS
o Dari satu tepi ke tepi yang lain.
Contoh :
There was a bridge across the river.
Ada sebuah jembatan melintang di atas sungai.
o Di seberang sana.
Contoh:
There is a small house across the like.
Ada sebuah rumah kecil melintang di danau.
o Berjumpa atau menemukan secara kebetulan.
Contoh:
I have never come across such a novel.
Saya belum pernah menjumpai novel seperti itu.
Across from.
= Opposite ( berseberangan).
Contoh:
- We walked across the busy street carefully.
Kita berjalan menyeberang jalan ramai dengan hati-hati.
- Our office is across from/opposite “ Gava Tours”.
- Kantor kita berseberangan dengan “Gava Tours”.
- AFTER
= Sesudah ( Dalam hal waktu atau urutan ).
Contoh:
- They will discuss it after the break.
Kita akan mendiskusikannya setelah istirahat.
- We entered the hall at one o’clock after another.
Kita memasuki hall pada jam satu tepat setelah yang lain.
Beberapa ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan after adalah :
-After You = Silakan anda dulu.
-After All = Bagaimanapun juga.
-After That = Afterwards = Then = kemudian.
-Ask After = Menanyakan khabar seseorang.
-Be After = Mencari, Mengajar.
-Look After = Take Care Of = Merawat.
-Name After = Call After = Memberi nama seperti…….
-Run After = Pursue = Chase = Mengajar.
- AGAINST
= Melawan, bertentangan dengan.
Contoh: The girl was married against her will.
= Mengenai, menempel pada.
Contoh:
I leant against the trunk of the tree.
Saya bersandar pada batang pohon itu.
= Menghadapi.
Contoh:
They stored rice against the dry season.
Mereka menyimpan padi menghadapi musim kering.
- ALONG
= Sepanjang, dari ujung yang satu ke ujung yang lain.
Contoh:
We walked slowly along the road.
Kita berjalan secara pelan di sepanjang jalan.
Beberapa ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan ALONG ( termasuk yang tidak berstatus sebagai preposition) adalah :
- along here = lewat di sini.
- all along = terus- menerus, sepanjang waktu.
- along with = bersama-sama dengan, ikut.
- get along with = berkemajuan.
- ALONGSIDE
= Di tepi, di sisi.
Contoh: Their house lies alongside the river.
- Amid (ST)
= Di tengah, atau ke tengah.
Contoh:
The policemen could do nothing amidst the crowd.
Polisi itu tidak dapat berbuat banyak terhadap kerumunan.
- Among ( ST)
= Di antara ( tiga fihak atau lebih).
Contoh:
They always fight amongst themselves.
Mereka selalu bertengkar diantara mereka sendiri.
BETWEEN = Antara ( Dua pihak saja).
Contoh:
You must divide it between you and your brother.
Kamu harus membaginya antara kamu dengan saudara laki-lakimu.
- AROUND
= Di sekeliling, di sekitar.
Contoh:
Ricefields could be found around the villages.
Persawahan bisa dijumpai di sekitar desa-desa.
- AT
= Pada : yang menyiratkan “titik kecil” Di tengah medan yang luas, yang dapat berupa waktu, tempat, kegiatan, kondisi, sasaran, takaran,dll.
· Waktu : At ten o’clock, at 7.15, at noon, at midnight, at night, at the beginning of the semester, at the end of the year, at Christmas, at daybreak, dll.
· Tempat : At 50 Diponegoro Street, at home, at the top of the page, at the table, at her desk, at a cafetaria, at the university, at the gas station, dll.
· Kegiatan : At the meeting, at the party, at dinner, at work, at the opening ceremony, at his studies, dll.
· Kondisi : At war, at peace, at rest, at ease, at leisure, dll.
· Sasaran : Rush at, jump at, aim at, fire at, look at, throw at, be good at football, be astonished at, be surprised at, be disappointed at, dll.
· Takaran : At one thousand rupiahs a meter, at fifty kilometers an hour, at a snail’s pace, at arm’s length, dll.
Beberapa ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan AT adalah :
be at = sedang mengerjakan…..
at best = paling- paling hanya…..
at (the) most = paling banyak hanya…..
at least = setidak- tidaknya.
at last = at length = in the end = akhirnya.
at once = immediately = soon = segera.
all at once = mendadak, secara bersama-sama.
Perbedaan antara AT, ON, dan IN adalah ;
AT : Menyiratkan titik kecil di medan yang luas; jam, nomor rumah, ujung sesuatu, dll.
ON : Menyiratkan sesuatu yang menonjol di atas permukaan medan; hari, tanggal, halaman buku dll.
IN : Menyiratkan lingkup medan; bulan, tahun, kamar, buku, kota, dll.
- BECAUSE OF = Due To = Owing TO = Thanks To= On Account Of= Disebabkan oleh.
Contoh: Because of his illness he could not join us.
· Because ( tanpa of) : adalah sebuah conjunction.
Contoh:
Because he was ill he could not join us.
Karena dia sakit, dia tidak dapat bergabung dengan kita.
- BEFORE
a. Di depan : I stood before him.( saya berdiri di depannya).
b. Sebelum : I will get there before Lebaran Day.(Saya akan berada disana sebelum Hari Lebaran).
c. Melebihi :
A general is before a colonel.
Seorang jenderal melebihi seorang kolonel.
- BEHIND
a. Belakang : The sun is behind the clouds. (Matahari berada di belakang awan).
b. Lampau : The days will soon be behind us. (Hari-hari akan segera kita tinggalkan).
c. Kalah baik :
I’m behind him in mathematics. (Saya selalu kalah dengan dia dalam masalah matematika).
Ungkapan khusus dengan Behind adalah :
· Behind Time = Late = Terlambat.
· Behind The Times = Out OF Date = Old- Fashioned = Ketinggalan zaman.
· Fall Behind = Ketinggalan langkah.
· Leave Behiond = Ketinggalan sesuatu.
- BELOW
= Di bawah ( Lebih rendah daripada ).
Contoh:
- The temperature was five degrees below zero.
Temperatur berada pada lima derajat di bawah nol.
- A captain is below a major in rank.
Seorang kapten berada di abwah seorang mayor dalam kepangkatan.
- BENEATH
a. Lebih rendah daripada ( = Below).
Contoh: As an artist he is far beneath his father.
b. Tepat di bawah ( = Under = Underneath).
Contoh:
- The dog slept beneath the table.
Ajing itu tidur di bawah meja.
- BESIDE
= Di samping ( Di sisi, di sebelah).
Contoh:
Please sit beside me ( = at my side).
Ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan beside adalah :
o He was beside himself ( = Lupa diri).
o It was beside the mark ( = Meleset dari sasaran).
o It is beside the point ( = Menyimpang dari masalah).
o It is beside the question ( = idem).
- BESIDES
= Di samping ( = Selain).
Contoh:
Besides us there were three other students.
Di samping itu, masih ada tiga siswa yang lain.
- BETWEEN
a. Antara ( Dua fihak).
Contoh:
It took place between elevan p.m. and two a.m.
Terjadi antara jam sebelas dan jam dua.
b. Di antara ( = Among).
Contoh:
The money was divided between the family members.
Uang itu dibagi diantara anggota keluarga.
Ungkapan khusus dengan between adalah :
o Between You And Me = Hanya boleh diketahui oleh kita.
o Between Ourselves = Hanya boleh diketahui oleh kita.
- BEYOND
a. Di seberang sana, lebih jauh daripada .
Contoh:
The village lies beyond those hills.
b. Lewat jam tertentu.
Contoh: Don’t go there beyond ten o’clock.
c. Di luar jangkauan.
Contoh: - Such a decision is beyond my capacity.
- It is beyond hope ( beyond reason, beyond control).
- BUT
= Kecuali ( = Except = save).
Contoh: - He eats nothing but vegetables.
- It was the last bus but one.
- BY
a. Di dekat ( = Near) : We spent a day by the sea.
b. Lewat ( = Via ) : He will fly home by the pacific.
c. Melewati ( = Past) : We walked by your house then.
d. Pada waktu : We don’t like to travel by night.
e. Menjelang : HE will finish the job by Sunday.
f. Secara : - They are paid by the week (= mingguan)
- We went in one by one ( = satu demi satu).
g. Dengan sarana : - Will they come by train or by boat ?
- The house are lighted by electricity
g. Dengan pelaku: The letter was written by my sister.
Beberapa ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan by adalah :
25 BESIDE
= di samping ( = di sisi, di sebelah ) :
Please sit beside me ( = at my side ) :
Ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan BESIDE :
he was beside himself ( = lupa diri )
it was beside himself ( = meleset dari sasaran )
it is beside the point ( = menyimpan dari masalah )
it is beside the question ( = idem )
26. DESPITE
= kendaraan telah ada … ( IN SPITE OF ):
Despite his efforts he has not been successful yet
Berbeda dengan In spite of kata despite tidak boileh dilengkapi dengan kata of.
27. DOWN
= Menuruni : We Ran Down The Stairs
28. DUE TO
= Disebabkan Oleh (= Becouse Of = Owing To = Thanks To):
Due To The Storm I Could Not Go There
29. DURING
= Selama ( = Pada Seluruh Jangka Waktu = THROUGHOUT):
During The Holiday I Was Out Of Town
For = Selama: Seluruh Waktu Yang Diperlukan
30. EXCEPT
= Kecuali ( But = Save):
Any Day Except Friday Will Be Convenient
Except For + Bila Tidak Ada …. Selain Adanya…:
His Performance Was Good Except For The Few Monir Errors
Except That ( Conjungtions) = Kecuali Bahwa :
The House Is Quete All Right Except That It Is Tool Small
31. FOR
selama, sejauh, senilai,dll:
We have not seen them for two years
He ran for about ten miles
karena :
The boys were scolded for being lazy
We hurried for fear that we would be elate
Demi, Guna :
· They sent for a doctor.
· Some of us want for a walk round the park.
· They had to fight for their freedom.
· This machine is for mixing things.
Terhadap:
· We have great respect for our parents.
· She has a weakness for fine clothers.
· Do they have love for their children?
Mengharapkan:
· We can only hope for the best.
· I should not ask for more.
· The people are longing for a peaceful life.
Menuju :
· My father left for Jayapura last week.
· This ship is bound for Medan.
· Is this train for surabaya ?
Sebagai Pengganti:
· I paid him two thousnad rupiahs for the service.
· Word for word translation tends to be inaccurate.
· Vip stand for very important person.
· I took her for her sister ( = salah mengenali)
Mendukung:
We Are For Peace, We Are Against War
Sebagai :
They Chose Him For Their Leader.
Jasa Untuk :
· Can i do anything for you ?
· Shall i read the letter for you ?
· I bought a a necklace for her.
Sesuai Untuk :
· Exercise is good for our health.
· He is just the man for that position.
Dalam Batas :
· For my part i have no objection to it.
· For the most part they are ignorant of it.
Beberapa Ungkapan Khusus Yang Menggunakan For :
for all that… = meskipun
for ever = untuk selamanya
for good ( and all) = untuk seterusnya
for life = selama hidup
for once = untuk sekali ini
for oneself = dilakukan untuk diri sendiri
for sure, for certain = dengan pasti
for that matter = dalam hal itu
ask for = meminta
call for = 1) menyampiri 2) membutuhkan
hope for = mengharapkan
leave for = berangkat ke
look for = mencari ( = seek = search for)
make for = bergerak menuju
send for = mendatangkan
wait for = menantikan
once for all = sekali ini saja, seterusnya tidak
what… for ? = apa gunanya ?
Perbedaan antara for ( = selamanya), since (=sejak), dan during (= selama):
For : seluruh jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu kegiatan atau
keadaan : for a week, for a month, for a year, dll
Since : titik awal dari jangka waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu kegiatan
atau keadaan : since a week ago, since a month ago, since last year,dll
During : seluruh lingkup waktu dimana terjadi suatu kegiatan atau
keadaan, baik yang berlangsung sepanjang waktu tersebut maupun yang ada pada sebagian saja:
During the holidays I was out of town
Somebody telephoned me during my absence
32. FROM
= Dari, Yang Mengungkapkan Makna :
a. Pangkal Bertolak ( Bagi Kegiatan Fisik Atau Mental):
· They went away from their native country.
· The news passed from mouth to mouth.
· We have to do it from time to time.
· The shop is open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.
· You have to account from one to twenty.
· Don’t judge people from appearances.
b. Penyebab:
They Are Suffering From Influenza
c. Bebas Atau Tak Terlibat
· We have to have the goods from damage.
· You must prevent (keep, stop) them from fighting.
· I was absent (stayed away0 from school yesterday.
· These people have to be feeds from poverty and ignorance.
d. Perbedaan :
He Is Different From The Others
I could not tell one from others
e. Bahan Pembuatan
· Wine is made from grapes.
· Paper is made from wood.
Bila proses pembuatan tersebut tidak merubah ciri-ciri bahan maka preposisi yang digunakan adalah of :
The Table Is Made Of Wood
Perbedaan Antara From Dan OF Yang Bermakna ‘Dari’:
FROM : Menyiratkan Dinamika Perubahan Atau Pergerakan
OF : Menyiratkan Kondisi Yang Lebih Statik
The President Of The Organization Is From My Country.
33. IN
a. Dalam Lingkup Tempat :
· We are in indonesia.
· He had a knife in his hand.
b. Dalam Lingkup Waktu:
· She was born in january.
· We have breakfast in the morning.
· The stars do not shine in the daytime.
c. Dalam Lingkup Kegiatan, Kondisi, Situasi, Dll:
· I spent my time in reading books.
· They are sitting in the sun.
· We went out in the rain.
· We cannot see anything in the dark.
· She was in a beautiful evening dress.
· In black, in trouble, in prison, in college, dll
d. Dengan Sarana:
· He wrote the notes in pencil.
· You must write the letter in ink.
· He did not want to speak in english.
e. Sasaran Kegiatan Atau Kaitan Keadaan :
· We believe in god
· He deals in used cars.
· They succeded in overcoming the difficulty.
· We are very much interested in your ideas.
· He is rather weak in mathematics.
Perbedaan antara IN TIME dan ON TIME :
IN TIME : dalam lingkup waktu yang ditentukan : tak terlambat.
ON TIME : tepat pada waktu yang ditentukan.
34. INTO
Ke dalam (ruangan atau lingkup waktu):
They walked hurriedly into the building
I had to work far into the night
Menjadi :
· We have to change it into a better one.
· Translate this expression into Indonesian.
Perbedaan antara INTO dan In :
INTO : menyiratkan dinamika gerak atau perubahan
IN : menyiratkan keadaan statik tanpa gerak atau perubahan*)
35. IN FRONT OF
= didepan (=BEFORE):
He was standing just in front of me
36. INSIDE
= didalam atau kedalam :
Don’t let the dog come inside the house.
37. LIKE
= seperti : don’t do it like that
You are like your father.
Perbedaan antara LIKE dan AS yang bermakna ‘seperti’:
LIKE : preposition : diikuti WORD atau PHRASE
AS : conjunction : diikuti CLAUSE
38. NEAR
= didekat atau kedekat :
Come and sit near me.
39. NEXT TO
= disebelah atau yang terdekat berikutnya :
- I was sitting next to him then.
- The month next to April is May.
40. OF
Milik atau bagian dari :
· He is the eldest son of my brother.
· She is a friend of mine (=one of my friends).
· I saw it in the corner of the room.
· The windows of the house were open.
Bila pemilik tersebut orang maka biasanya digunakan bentuk possesive : my brother’s, John’s, the girl’s, dll.
Sifat seseorang atau sesuatu :
· He is a man of no importance.
· She is a woman of great mental strength.
· The information is of little use.
Nama yang dimiliki:
· The island of Bali lies west of Lombok.
· The Republic of Indonesia consists of islands.
Penilaian tentang perilaku seseorang :
· It is very kind of you to do that for me.
· It was foolish of us to criticize him.
Tentang, mengenai ;
· We read many stories of heroism.
· This is an example of creativity.
Terbuat dari (tanpa meruba sifat bahannya):
· Their homes are made of earth.
· The roof is made of leaves.
Kuantitas :
One of them = salah satu darinya
two of us = dua dari kita
some of the boys = beberapa dari lai-laki itu
both of the girls = kedua dari gadis-gadis itu
most of it = sebagian besar darinya
all of them = semua dari mereka
a piece of information = sepotong informasi
a slice of bread = sepotong roti
a sheet of paper = selembar kertas
a liter of oil. = seliter minyak
Asal-usul : a man of humble origin, a girl of good stock
Dari atau kearah : south of Jakarta, west of Surabaya
Disebabkan oleh :
· I am prod of you.
· We are ashamed of him.
· She was glad of it.
· He died of a strange disease.
· She died of illness (of old age, of fright).
Tetapi : he died FROM his wounds
f. Sasaran perbuatan atau sikap :
The implementation of the plan will not be simple
The writing of the materials was done by a team
· Remind me of these things.
· He was robbed of his money.
· I have to get rid of this bad habit.
· We were not aware of his presence.
· I am afraid of what is going to happened.
· I was thinking of him.
· Have you heard of him? (tahu tentang keadaan dia)
Tetapi : have you heard FROM him? (=mendapat surat dari dia)
41. OFF
= terlepas dari, tak menyentuh:
keep off the grass (=jangan menginjak rumput)
the cover has come off the book (=terlepas dari)
the boy fell off his motor-cycle
beberapa ungkapan khusus yang menggunakan OFF:
off duty : bebas tugas
off the mark : meleset dari sasaran
o ff the record : tidak direkam
off the map : terhapus dari peta
offhand : tanpa dipersiapkan
offside : berada disisi yang salah
be off : 1) pergi 2) padam, mati
be badly off : miskin (=poor)
be well off : cukup kaya (=fairly rich)
come off :1) terlepas 2) terjadi
cut off : memisahkan, memotong hubungan
call off : menghentikan, membatalkan
put off : menunda (=postpone)
see someone off: melepaskan kepergian
swtch off : mematikan (=turn off)
take off : 1) lepas landas 2) melepas pakaian
show off : memamerkan sesuatu
on and off : tidak teratur
42. ON
diatas atau pada permukaan sesuatu :
on the table = di meja
on the floor = di lantai
on the wall =di tembok
on the blackboard =di papan tulis
on the ceiling = di langit-langit
on page ten = pada halaman sepuluh
on paper = pada kertas
a ring on her finger = sebuah cincin di telunjuknya
the shoes on your feet = sepatu di kakinya
dll.
Pada waktu (yakni hari, tanggal, dan satuan waktu lain yang menjadi pijakan penting bagi suatu kejadian):
on Sunday, on the first of July, on that day, on Saturday morning, on Friday afternoon, on Saturday nighat, on arriving there, on returning home, on time, dll.
a. tentang, mengenai :
a book on our national history, a lecture on the cultural development, a talk on a certain topic, a speech on management, congratulate someone on his success, dll.
b. Ditepi, kearah :
A house on the river, on my right hand (=disebelah kanan saya), a march on the enemy’s fortress, dll.
c. dalam keadaan :
on fire, on guard, on the look-out, on business, on vacation, on holiday, on duty, on patrol, on leave, dll.
d. atas dasar :
on his authority, on account of, on no account, on my own, on purpose 9=atas dasar kesengajaan), dll.
e. sebagai anggota tau bagian :
on the team, on the committee, on the list, dll.
Ungkapan khusus dengan ON (termasuk yang bukan PREPOSISI):
TERUS : come on, go on, move on, carry on, from now on, dll.
HIDUP : switch on, turn on, the radio ia on, dll.
MEMAKAI : put a shirt on, the blouse is good on you, dll.
Perbedaan antara ON (= pada) dan IN (= di):
ON : menyiratkan permukaan : on the farm, on that page, on the telephone, on a picnic, on the list, on the committee, on the team, on January 30, on Friday morning, on Sunday evening , dll.
IN : menyiratkan ruang lingkup : in a classroom, in a doctor’s office, in a laboratory, in a book, in new york, in the house, in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, in March, in the spring, in June 1985, in the summer of 1984, dll.
43. OUT OF
a. Diluar, Keluar :
out of the house, out of town, out of control, out of reach, out of his mind (=gila), dll.
b. karena : out of fear, out of pity, out of anger, dll.
c. kehabisan : out of petrol, out of breath, dll.
OUT (tanpa OF) adalah sebuah ADVERB :
1) luar, diluar, keluar: go out, stay out, leave out, dll.
2) Tuntas, habis: die out (=padam), turn out (=memadamkan), speak out (=berbicara jelas), make out (=memahami), work out (=mengerjakan secara sempurna), dll.
3) Mengungguli : out run, outwit, outdo, outgrow, out number, dll.
44. OUTSIDE
a. Diluar : I Stood Outside he door
b. selain : no one outside these people knew about it
45. OVER
a. diatas dan persinggungan (=ON):
I put a handkerchief over my face
b. diatas tetapi tidak bersinggungan:
We looked at the roof over our heads
c. melebihi (=MORE THAN):
He is over sixty years of age
There were over one hundred people present
d. Melintang diatas (=ACROSS)
There was no bridge over the river
e. lebih tinggi dari pada (=ABOVE)
A colonel is over a major
f. melewati (waktu, tempat, dll)
I cannot stay over the week-end
Penggunaan dan makna lain dari OVER :
a. tamat, lewat : all is over
The trouble will soon be over
b. bergerak ke tempat lain : come over to our house
Can you jump over?
c. terjatuh dari tempatnya : it fell over
I knocked it over
d. Berulang-ulang : he asked me over and over again about this
e. Tersisa : how much was over ?
f. Secara tuntas : I will think it over
g. Diseluruh : english is spoken all over the world
h. Berlebihan ; over populated, overloaded, overflow, overheated, overdone, overtime, overtired, over polite, dll.
46. OWING TO
SEBAB (=due to, thanks to, on account of, because of):
owing to the rain I could not play tennis.
47. PAST
= melampaui (waktu, tempat, kondisi):
past sixty, half past three, past twelve o’clock, going past the hills, a burden past bearing, dll.
48. REGARDING
= tentang (=ABOUT, CONCERNING):
I can’t say anything regarding this issue
49. ROUND
a. Di sekeliling : a neckace round her neck, awall round the garden, dll.
b. Mengelilingi : travel round the world, show some body round a town, dll.
c. Ke segala arah : the leaves fell all round us
50. SAVE
=KECUALI (=exept, but):
We did not buy anything save books
51. SINCE
a. Sejak : she has been sick since a week ago
b. Karena : since she is ill she does not go to school
52. THROUGH
a. melewati : the thief came in through the window
The river flows through two provinces
He could not get through the test (=lulus)
b. seluruh : I was awake through the night
c. karena : they did all that through ignorance
GO THROUGH = memeriksa dengan teliti
53. THROUGHOUT
= diseluruh (=ALL OVER)
There were villages throughout the area
54. TILL
= sampai (= UNTIL, up to, to) :
I waited for you till eleven o’clock
55. TO
a. sampai : from eight a.m.to five p.m
b. ke (=TOWARDS) : THE ROAD TO SURABAYA
c. sebelum : ten minutes to twlve
d. kepada : give this letter to your parents
e. terkait pada : a key to a problem, to my surprise, married to him, engaged to her, belong to us, object to an idea, be accustomed to doing something, look forward to seeing you, dll.
f. Perbandingan ; the score was one to nil, I prefer this to that, this is superior to that, this one is inferior to that one dll.
58. TOWARD (S)
a. kearah ; we are moving towards prosperity
b. terhadap ; he feels friendly towards every body
c. menjelang : we arrived there towards noon
59. UNDER
a. dibawah, kebawah : under the table, under water
b. kurang dari : we could finish it in under hour
c. didalam : under cover, under the protection of, under the circumstances, under the skin.
d. Tertindih ; under a heavy load, under pressure
e. Dalam keadaan ; under repair, under discussion, under fire, under the name of, under the impression of, under the rule of
Sebagai prefix 9=awalan) kata UNDER sering menyiratkan makana ‘kurang’: under developed, underestimate, underpopulated, underdone(=kurang masak), under grown.
60. UNLIKE
= berbeda dengan : she is unlike her mother.
61. UP
= mendaki, naik ke : we walked up the hill
62. WITH
a. Dengan alat ; we cut the string with a knife
b. Dengan bahan ; a hole filled with rubbish, ground covered with snow
c. Bersama dengan ; I stayed there with my parents.
d. Yang mempunyai : the man with white hair is Mr. Smith
e. Dengan cara : handle with care, meet some body with smiles
f. Disebabkan : tremble with fear
g. Pertentangan : fight with, struggle with, a quarrel with, part with, be angry with
h. Kebersatuan : sympathize with someone, this colour does not go with that, fall in love with someone
i. Keterikatan ; it has nothing to do with him, what is the matter with them , I could not get in touch with him, compare this with that.
63. WITHIN
a. didalam : we are safe within these walls
b. tidak melebihi ; it will be announced within a week.
64. WITHOUT
= tanpa : without mistakes, without stopping
| 1. "You are welcome to order the goods now." | |
| A | for advance |
| B | advancing |
| C | in advance |
| D | to advance |
| 2. "Where do you live now?" | |
| A | parents too do |
| B | parents do |
| C | parents do, too |
| D | parents also do |
| 3. I cannot understand my neighbour's accent. I wish she would _____. | |
| A | speak clearer |
| B | clearer speak |
| C | more clearly speak |
| D | speak more clearly |
| 4. "Why are you driving so fast?" | |
| A | must be hurry |
| B | in hurry |
| C | in a hurry |
| D | hurrying |
| 5. I have your music CD. I think I _____ your concert video. | |
| A | also have |
| B | have too |
| C | too have |
| D | have further |
| 6. I hear you have started a new job. _____ like it? | |
| A | How do you |
| B | How |
| C | What you |
| D | What do you |
| 7. I really have to go now. I have _____ the doctor. | |
| A | appointments to |
| B | an appointment to |
| C | appointment with |
| D | an appointment with |
| 8. I can meet you at Central Station. Will _____? | |
| A | convenient for you |
| B | that convenient |
| C | that be convenient |
| D | you be convenient |
| 9. I don't have any results for you today. I _____ tomorrow. | |
| A | have any |
| B | may have any |
| C | have some |
| D | may have some |
| 10. I would rather _____ a quiet cup of coffee in the office than sit in a noisy cafe. | |
| A | have |
| B | to have |
| C | prefer |
| D | prefer to have |
| 11. "Where _____ last weekend?" | |
| A | are you go |
| B | do you go |
| C | have you went |
| D | did you go |
| 12. I was very surprised _____ that she didn't pass the exam." | |
| A | hearing |
| B | to hearing |
| C | at hearing |
| D | to hear |
| 13. "Why _____ she isn't speaking to us?" | |
| A | are you think |
| B | are you imagine |
| C | do you think |
| D | you think |
| 14. I hope that this winter won't be _____ last." | |
| A | as cold as |
| B | so cold as |
| C | as cold like |
| D | so cold like |
| 15. Sorry to be late. I was delayed by _____." | |
| A | a heavy traffic |
| B | heavy traffic |
| C | some heavy traffic |
| D | traffic being heavy |
| 16. The sky is getting dark. It _____ rain is on its way. | |
| A | looks |
| B | looks like |
| C | seems to |
| D | will be |
| 17. Would you do me a small favour? I _____ very much. | |
| A | appreciate it |
| B | would appreciate |
| C | would be appreciative |
| D | would appreciate it |
| 18. I am familiar with that product. I don't know _____ times I've seen it advertised on TV. | |
| A | how many |
| B | how often |
| C | how much |
| D | many often |
| 19. "When _____ leaving for Toronto, Canada?" | |
| A | are we |
| B | will we |
| C | will us |
| D | are us |
| 20. I asked Robert when he could fix my leaking tap. He said that he would come round and fix it _____. | |
| A | as much as possible |
| B | as possible as he could |
| C | as fast as he could possibly |
| D | as soon as possible |
| 21. "Do you know _____ that building is?" | |
| A | old |
| B | how age |
| C | how old |
| D | which age |
| 22. The man told us that the next train would arrive _____. | |
| A | at three thirty |
| B | at three thirty o'clock |
| C | in three thirty |
| D | in three thirty o'clock |
| 23. "How _____ a crowd had gathered at the scene of the accident?" | |
| A | large |
| B | often |
| C | many |
| D | much |
| 24. That is the city _____ worst crime record. | |
| A | on the |
| B | in the |
| C | with the |
| D | for the |
| 25. "Where should I put this key?" | |
| A | hang |
| B | deposit |
| C | sit |
| D | put |
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